Medical Engineering & Physics
Volume 32, Issue 4 , Pages 298-303 , May 2010

Swelling of medical grade silicones in liquids and calculation of their cross-link densities

  • Aziza Mahomed

      Affiliations

    • School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
    • School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 0121 414 3622; fax: +44 0121 414 3958.
    • ,
  • David W.L. Hukins

      Affiliations

    • School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • Stephen N. Kukureka

      Affiliations

    • School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom

Received 12 August 2009 ,Revised 15 December 2009 ,Accepted 17 December 2009.

References 

  1. Braley S. Chemistry and properties of medical-grade silicones. J Macromol Sci Chem. 1970;A4:529–544
  2. Swanson AB. Silicone rubber implants for replacement of arthritic or destroyed joints in the hand. Surg Clin N Am. 1968;48:1113–1127
  3. Murata H, Hong G, Hamada T, Polyzois GL. Dynamic mechanical properties of silicone maxillofacial prosthetic materials and the influence of frequency and temperature on their properties. Int J Prosthodont. 2003;16:369–374
  4. Murata H, Taguchi N, Hamada T, McCabe JF. Dynamic viscoelastic properties and the age changes of long-term soft denture liners. Biomaterials. 2000;21:1421–1427
  5. In:  Colas A,  Curtis J editor. Silicone biomaterials: history and chemistry. California; London: Elsevier Academic Press; 2004;
  6. Starch M. New developments in silicone elastomers for skin care. Associate Industry Scientist, Life Sciences Industries, Dow Corning Corporation; 2002;
  7. Treloar LRG. The physics of rubber elasticity. London: Oxford University Press; 1958;p. 123–50
  8. Flory PJ, Rehner JJ. Statistical mechanics of cross-linked polymer networks. II. Swelling. J Chem Phys. 1943;11:521–526
  9. Brandon HJ, Jerina KL, Wolf CJ, Young VL. Biodurability of retrieved silicone gel breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111:2295–2306
  10. Bueche AM. Interaction of polydimethylsiloxanes with swelling agents. J Polym Sci. 1955;15:97–103
  11. Doležel B, Adamírová L, Vondráček P, Náprstek Z. In vivo degradation of polymers: II. Change of mechanical properties and cross-link density in silicone rubber pacemaker lead insulations during long-term implantation in the human body. Biomaterials. 1989;10:387–392
  12. Vondráček P, Doležel B. Biostability of medical elastomers: a review. Biomaterials. 1984;5:209–214
  13. José NM, Prado LASA, Yoshida IVP. Synthesis, characterization, and permeability evaluation of hybrid organic–inorganic films. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys. 2004;42:4281–4292
  14. Brandon HJ, Young VL, Jerina KL, Wolf CJ. Variability in the properties of silicone gel breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108:647–655
  15. Savory KM, Hutchinson DT, Bloebaum R. Materials testing protocol for small joint prostheses. J Biomed Mater Res. 1994;28:1209–1219
  16. Hutchinson DT, Savory KM, Bachus KN. Crack-growth properties of various elastomers with potential application in small joint prostheses. J Biomed Mater Res. 1997;37:94–99
  17. Gellman H, Stetson W, Brumfield RH, Costigan W, Kuschner SH. Silastic metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;342:16–21
  18. Swanson AB. Silicone rubber implants for replacement of arthritic or destroyed joints in the hand. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;342:4–10
  19. Foliart DE. Swanson silicone finger joint implants: a review of the literature regarding long-term complications. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1995;20:445–449
  20. Leslie LJ, Jenkins MJ, Shepherd DET, Kukureka SN. The effect of the environment on the mechanical properties of medical grade silicones. J Biomed Mater Res [B]. 2008;86B:460–465
  21. Leslie L, Kukureka S, Shepherd DET. Crack growth of medical-grade silicone using pure shear tests. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 2008;222:977–982
  22. Andreopoulos AG, Polyzois GL, Evangelatou M. Swelling properties of cross-linked maxillofacial elastomers. J Appl Polym Sci. 1993;50:729–733
  23. Orwoll RA. Polymer–solvent interaction parameter chi. Rubber Chem Technol. 1977;50:451–479
  24. Summers WR, Tewari YB, Schreiber HP. Thermodynamic interaction in polydimethylsiloxane–hydrocarbon systems from gas–liquid chromatography. Macromolecules. 1972;5:12–16
  25. Yerrick K, Beck H. Solvent resistance of silicone elastomers: solvent–polymer interactions. Rubber Chem Technol. 1964;37:261–267
  26. Favre E. Swelling of crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane networks by pure solvents: influence of temperature. Eur Polym J. 1996;32:1183–1188
  27. Hayes RA. A new look at measurements of network density. Rubber Chem Technol. 1986;59:138–141
  28. Anderson TW, Darling DA. Asymptotic theory of certain goodness of fit criteria based on stochastic processes. Ann Math Stats. 1952;23:193–212
  29. Bland M. An introduction to medical statistics. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press; 2000;
  30. Mann HB, Whitney DR. On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Ann Math Stats. 1947;18:50–60
  31. Doty P, Zable HS. Determination of polymer–liquid interaction by swelling measurements. J Polym Sci. 1946;1:90–101
  32. Muramoto A. Dependence of interaction parameter on molecular-weight and concentration for solutions of poly(dimethylsiloxane) in methylethylketone. Polymer. 1982;23:1311–1316
  33. Miller TM, Zhao LC, Brennan AB. Rubber-elasticity of hybrid organic–inorganic composites evaluated using dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and equilibrium swelling. J Appl Polym Sci. 1998;68:947–957
  34. Nijhuis HH, Mulder MHV, Smolders CA. Selection of elastomeric membranes for the removal of volatile organics from water. J Appl Polym Sci. 1993;47:2227–2243
  35. Flory PJ. Principles of polymer chemistry. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press; 1953;p. 495–594
  36. Mulder MHV, Smolders CA. On the mechanism of separation of ethanol/water mixtures by pervaporation. I. Calculations of concentration profiles. J Membr Sci. 1984;17:289–307
  37. Scott RL. The thermodynamics of high-polymer solutions: II. The solubility and fractionation of a polymer of heterogeneous distribution. J Chem Phys. 1945;13:178–187
  38. Bristow GM, Watson WF. Cohesive energy densities of polymers. Part 1. Cohesive energy densities of rubbers by swelling measurements. Trans Faraday Soc. 1958;54:1731–1741
  39. Hildebrand JH, Scott RL. The solubility of nonelectrolytes. New York: Reinhold; 1950;
  40. Barton AFM. CRC handbook of solubility parameters and other cohesion parameters. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc.; 1983;
  41. In:  Grulke EA editors. Solubility parameter values. Chichester, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1989;
  42. Sheehan C, Bisio A. Polymer/solvent interaction parameters. Rubber Chem Technol. 1966;39:149–192
  43. Tompa H. Polymer solutions. London: Butterworth Scientific Publications; 1956;p. 55–121
  44. Scott RL, Magat M. Thermodynamics of high-polymer solutions. III. Swelling of cross-linked rubber. J Polym Sci. 1949;4:555–571
  45. Dudek T, Bueche F. Polymer–solvent interaction parameter and creep of ethylene–propylene rubber. Rubber Chem Technol. 1964;37:894–903
  46. Blanks RF, Prausnitz JM. Thermodynamics of polymer solubility in polar and nonpolar systems. Ind Eng Chem Fund. 1964;3:1–8
  47. Bagley EB, Nelson TP, Barlow JW, Chen SA. Internal pressure measurements and liquid-state energies. Ind Eng Chem Fund. 1970;9:93–97
  48. In:  Orwoll R editors. Solubility of polymers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1990;
  49. Barton AFM. Solubility parameters. Chem Rev. 1975;75:731–753
  50. Takahashi S. Determination of cohesive energy densities of unsaturated polyester resins from swelling measurements. J Appl Polym Sci. 1983;28:2847–2866
  51. Zellers ET. Three-dimensional solubility parameters and chemical protective clothing permeation. 1. Modelling the solubility of organic solvents in Viton® gloves. J Appl Polym Sci. 1993;50:513–530
  52. James G, Burley D, Clements D, Dyke P, Searl J, Wright J. Modern engineering mathematics. Harlow: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company; 1996;p. 588–9
  53. Hauser RL, Walker C, Kilbourne FL. Swelling of silicone elastomers. Ind Eng Chem. 1956;48:1202–1208
  54. Favre E, Nguyen QT, Clement R, Neel J. Application of Flory–Huggins theory to ternary polymer–solvents equilibria: a case study. Eur Polym J. 1996;32:303–309
  55. Rickles RN. Molecular transport in membranes. Ind Eng Chem. 1966;58:18–35
  56. Mahomed A, Chidi NM, Hukins DWL, Kukureka SN, Shepherd DET. Frequency dependence of viscoelastic properties of medical grade silicones. J Biomed Mater Res [B]. 2009;89B:210–216
  57. Watanabe H, Miyauchi T. Determination of solubility parameter for siloxane segment—the solubility of iodine in liquid polydimethylsiloxane. J Chem Eng Jpn. 1973;6:109–114
  58. Knaub P, Camberlin Y, Gerard J-F. New reactive polymer blends based on poly(urethane-ureas) (PUR) and polydisperse polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS): control of morphology using a PUR-b-PDMS block copolymer. Polymer. 1988;29:1365–1377
  59. In:  Gundert F,  Wolf BA editor. Polymer–solvent interaction parameters. New York, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1989;
  60. In:  Carpenter DW editors. Solution properties. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1990;
  61. Cowie JMG. Polymers: chemistry & physics of modern materials. London: Blackie Academic & Professional (Chapman & Hall); 1994;p. 157–86 and 274–320
  62. Sperling LH. Polymeric multicomponent materials: an introduction. New York, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1997;
  63. Flory PJ. Fifteenth Spiers memorial lecture. Thermodynamics of polymer solutions. Discuss Faraday Soc. 1970;49:7–29

PII: S1350-4533(09)00265-3

doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2009.12.004

Medical Engineering & Physics
Volume 32, Issue 4 , Pages 298-303 , May 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution