Medical Engineering & Physics
Volume 32, Issue 2 , Pages 174-188 , March 2010

Cardiac flow component analysis

  • Kelvin K.L. Wong

      Affiliations

    • School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
    • Center for Biomedical Engineering and School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia. Tel.: +61 03 9925 6164.
    • ,
  • Jiyuan Tu

      Affiliations

    • School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
    • ,
  • Richard M. Kelso

      Affiliations

    • School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
    • ,
  • Stephen G. Worthley

      Affiliations

    • School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, and Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, SA 5005, Australia
    • ,
  • Prashanthan Sanders

      Affiliations

    • School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, and Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, SA 5005, Australia
    • ,
  • Jagannath Mazumdar

      Affiliations

    • Center for Biomedical Engineering and School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
    • ,
  • Derek Abbott

      Affiliations

    • Center for Biomedical Engineering and School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia

Received 26 February 2009 ,Revised 19 November 2009 ,Accepted 22 November 2009.

References 

  1. Fyrenius A, Ebbers T, Wigström L, Karlsson M, Wranne B, Bolger AF, et al. Left atrial vortices studied with 3D phase contrast MRI. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 1999;19(3):195
  2. Fyrenius A, Wigström L, Ebbers T, Karlsson M, Engvall J, Bolger AF. Three dimensional flow in the human left atrium. Heart. 2001;86:448–455
  3. Wong KKL, Kelso RM, Worthley SG, Sanders P, Mazumdar J, Abbott D. Cardiac flow analysis applied to phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging of the heart. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2009;37(8):1495–1515
  4. Kerwin W, Hertzberg J, Cooke J, Chluda H, Shandas R, Gill E. Vorticity imaging of diastolic cardiac inflow by phase-contrast MRI. In: Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro, vol. 1. Arlington, VA, USA. 2004;p. 300–303
  5. Pierrakos O, Vlachos PP. The effect of vortex formation on left ventricular filling and mitral valve efficiency. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering-Transactions of ASME. 2006;128(4):527–539
  6. Hong GR, Pedrizzetti G, Tonti G, Li P, Wei Z, Kim JK, et al. Characterization and quantification of vortex flow in the human left ventricle by contrast echocardiography using vector particle image velocimetry. Journal of American Collage of Cardiological Imaging. 2008;1:705–717
  7. Schenkel T, Malve M, Reik M, Markl M, Jung B, Oertel H. MRI-based CFD analysis of flow in a human left ventricle: methodology and application to a healthy heart. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2009;37(3):503–515
  8. Shi Y, Zhao Y, Yeo TJ, Hwang NH. Numerical simulation of opening process in a bileaflet mechanical heart valve under pulsatile flow condition. Journal of Heart Valve Disease. 2003;12(2):245–255
  9. Kilner PJ, Yang GZ, Mohiaddin RH, Firmin DN, Longmore DB. Helical and retrograde secondary flow patterns in the aortic arch studied by three-directional magnetic resonance velocity mapping. Circulation. 1993;88:2235–2247
  10. Chandran KB. Flow dynamics in the human aorta. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 1993;115(4B):611–616
  11. Wood NB, Zhao SZ, Zambanini A, Jackson M, Gedroyc W, Thom SA, et al. Curvature and tortuosity of the superficial femoral artery: a possible risk factor for peripheral arterial disease. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006;101:1412–1418
  12. Zhao SZ, Papathanasopoulou P, Long Q, Marshall I, Xu XY. Comparative study of magnetic resonance imaging and image-based computational fluid dynamics for quantification of pulsatile flow in a carotid bifurcation phantom. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2003;31(8):962–971
  13. Hoogstraten HW, Kootstra JG, Hillen B, Krijger JK, Wensing PJ. Numerical simulation of blood flow in an artery with two successive bends. Journal of Biomechanics. 1996;29(8):1075–1083
  14. Kilner PJ. Morphodynamics of flow through the heart. PhD thesis, University of London, 1998.
  15. Kilner PJ, Yang G-Z, Wilkes AJ, Mohiaddin RH, Firmin DN, Yacoub MH. Asymmetric redirection of flow through the heart. Nature Medicine. 2000;404:759–761
  16. Wigstrom L, Sjoqvist L, Wranne B. Temporally resolved 3D phase contrast imaging. Magnetic Resonance In Medicine. 1996;36:800–803
  17. Powell AJ, Maier SE, Chung T, Geva T. Phase-velocity cine magnetic resonance imaging measurement of pulsatile blood flow in children and young adults: in vitro and in vivo validation. Pediatric Cardiology. 2000;21:104–110
  18. Dall’Armellina E, Hamilton CA, Hundley WG. Assessment of blood flow and valvular heart disease using phase-contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Echocardiography. 2007;24(2):207–216
  19. Morgan-Hughes GJ, Marshall AJ, Roobottom C. Morphologic assessment of patent ductus arteriosus in adults using retrospectively ECG-gated multidetector CT. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003;181:749–754
  20. Thompson RB, McVeigh ER. Flow-gated phase-contrast MRI using radial acquisitions. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2004;52(3):598–604
  21. Tetsuya M. ECG gating in cardiac MRI. Japanese Journal of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2003;23(4):120–130
  22. Larson AC, White RD, Laub G, McVeigh ER, Li D, Simonetti OP. Self-gated cardiac cine MRI. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2004;51(1):93–102
  23. Nijm GM, Sahakian AV, Swiryn S, Carr JC, Sheehan JJ, Larson AC. Comparison of self-gated cine MRI retrospective cardiac synchronization algorithms. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2008;28(3):767–772
  24. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology. 11th ed.. Elsevier Saunders; 2006;
  25. Markl M, Chan FP, Alley MT, Wedding KL, Draney MT, Elkins CJ, et al. Time-resolved three-dimensional phase-contrast MRI. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2003;17:499–506
  26. Markl M, Draney MT, Hope MD, Levin JM, Chan FP, Alley MT, et al. Time-resolved 3-dimensional velocity mapping in the thoracic aorta: visualization of 3-directional blood flow patterns in healthy volunteers and patients. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004;28:459–468
  27. Markl M, Harloff A, Bley TA, Zaitsev M, Jung B, Weigang E, et al. Time-resolved 3D MR velocity mapping at 3T: improved navigator-gated assessment of vascular anatomy and blood flow. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2007;25:824–831
  28. Wong KKL, Kelso RM, Worthley SG, Sanders P, Mazumdar J, Abbott D. Medical imaging and processing methods for cardiac flow reconstruction. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology. 2009;9(1):1–20
  29. Raffel M, Willert C, Kompenhans J. Particle image velocimetry. Berlin Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1998;
  30. Fouras A, Soria J. Accuracy of out-of-plane vorticity measurements derived from in-plane velocity field data. Experiments in Fluids. 1998;25:409–430
  31. Foucaut JM, Stanislas M. Some considerations on the accuracy and frequency response of some derivative filters applied to particle image velocimetry vector fields. Measurement Science and Technology. 2002;13:1058–1071
  32. Etebari A, Vlachos PP. Improvements on the accuracy of derivative estimation from DPIV velocity measurements. Experiments in Fluids. 2005;39(6):1040–1050
  33. Alvarez L, no CAC, García M, Krissian K, Mazorra L, Salgado A, et al. Variational second order flow estimation for PIV sequences. Experiments in Fluids. 2008;44(2):291–304
  34. Potter MC, Wiggert DC. Mechanics of fluids. 2nd ed.. Prentice-Hall International, Inc.; 1997;
  35. Shapiro LG, Stockman GC. Computer vision. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall; 2001;
  36. Lucchese L, Mitra SK. Unsupervised segmentation of color images based on k-means clustering in the chromaticity plane. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Content-Based Access of Image and Video Libraries. 1999;p. 74–78
  37. Kanungo T, Mount DM, Netanyahu NS, Piatko CD, Silverman R, Wu AY. An efficient k-means clustering algorithm: analysis and implementation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 2002;24(7):881–892
  38. Ilea DE, Whelan PF. Color image segmentation using a spatial k-means clustering algorithm, IMVIP 2006-10th International Machine Vision and Image Processing Conference.
  39. Hase H, Yoneda M, Tokai S, Kato J, Suen CY. Color segmentation for text extraction. International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition. 2003;6(4):271–284
  40. Wu M-N, Lin C-C, Chang C-C. Brain tumor detection using color-based K-means clustering segmentation. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, vol. 2. 2007;p. 245–250
  41. Jolliffe IT. Principal Component Analysis, Series: Springer Series in Statistics. 2 edn. NY, USA: Springer; 2002;
  42. Saffman P. Vortex dynamics. 1st ed.. Cambridge University Press; 1992;
  43. Meunier P, Dizes SL, Leweke T. Physics of vortex merging. Comptes Rendus Physique. 2005;6(4-5):431–450
  44. Cariteau B, Flór JB. An experimental investigation on elliptical instability of a strongly asymmetric vortex pair in a stable density stratification. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics. 2006;13(6):641–649
  45. Kaufman L, Rousseeuw P. Finding groups in data: an introduction to cluster analysis. John Wiley and Sons; 1990;
  46. Biswas G, Weinberg JB, Fisher DH. ITERATE: a conceptual clustering algorithm for data mining. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews. 1998;28(2):219–230
  47. Hamilton CA, Moran PR, Santago P, Rajala SA. Effects of intravoxel velocity distributions on the accuracy of the phase-mapping method in phase-contrast MR angiography. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2005;4(5):752–755
  48. Lotz J, Meier C, Leppert A, Galanski M. Cardiovascular flow measurement with phase-contrast MR imaging: basic facts and implementation. Radiographics. 2002;22:651–671
  49. Ghista ND, Ng EY-K. Cardiac perfusion and pumping engineering (clinically-oriented biomedical engineering). World Scientific Publishing Company; 2007;
  50. Ghista ND. Applied biomedical engineering mechanics. CRC Press; 2008;
  51. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Evans JC, Reiss CK, Levy D. Congestive heart failure in subjects with normal versus reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1999;33:1948–1955
  52. Zile MR, Brutsaert DL. New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure. Part I. Circulation. 2002;105:1387–1393
  53. Hasegawa H, Little WC, Ohno M, Brucks S, Morimoto A, Cheng H-J, et al. Diastolic mitral annular velocity during the development of heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003;41:1590–1597
  54. Gharib M, Rambod E, Kheradvar A, Sahn DJ, Dabiri JO. A global index for heart failure based on optimal vortex formation in the left ventricle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, United States of America. 2006;103(16):6305–6308
  55. Hirsch R, Kilner PJ, Connelly MS, Redington MGSJSAN, Somerville J. Diagnosis in adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease. Prospective assessment of individual and combined roles of magnetic resonance imaging and transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation. 1994;90:2937–2951
  56. Hoppe UC, Dederichs B, Deutsch HJ, Theissen P, Schicha H, Sechtem U. Congenital heart disease in adults and adolescents: comparative value of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography and MR imaging. Radiology. 1996;199(3):669–677
  57. Abdel-Massih T, Dulac Y, Taktak A, Aggoun Y, Massabuau P, Elbaz M, et al. Assessment of atrial septal defect size with 3D-transesophageal echocardiography: comparison with balloon method. Echocardiography. 2005;22(2):121–127
  58. Kasliwal RR, Chouhan NS, Sinha A, Gupta P, Tandon S, Trehan N. Real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Indian Heart Journal. 2005;57(2):128–137
  59. Bartel T, Konorza T, Barbieri V, Erbel R, Pachinger O, Müller S. Single-plane balloon sizing of atrial septal defects with intracardiac echocardiography: an advantageous alternative to fluoroscopy. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2008;21(6):737–740
  60. Roldán F-J, Vargas-Barrón J, Vázquez-Antona C, Castellanos LM, Erdmenger-Orellana J, Romero-Cárdenas A, et al. Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography of the atrial septal defects. Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 2008;6(1):38
  61. Piatkowski R, Scislo P, Kochanowski J, Transoesophageal real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in assessing large multiperforated atrial septal aneurysm, European Heart Journal 2009;30:1153.
  62. Skolnick A, Vavas E, Kronzon I. Optimization of ASD assessment using real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2009;26(2):233–235
  63. Wong KKL, Kelso RM, Worthley SG, Sanders P, Mazumdar J, Abbott D. Noninvasive cardiac flow assessment using high speed magnetic resonance fluid motion tracking. PLoS One. 2009;4(5):e5688

☆ The authors developed and use a medical image processing software named Medflovan to produce the results displayed in this paper. This is a system entirely created using the C++ object-oriented programming platform to provide cardiac flow visualization and analysis. Cardiac flow computation and visualization is performed on a Pentium 4-class processor on a dedicated graphics card with 512MB of memory.

PII: S1350-4533(09)00249-5

doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2009.11.007

Medical Engineering & Physics
Volume 32, Issue 2 , Pages 174-188 , March 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution