Medical Engineering & Physics
Volume 31, Issue 8 , Pages 923-929 , October 2009

Electroretinographic wet electrode

  • Federico Carpi

      Affiliations

    • Interdepartmental Research Center “E. Piaggio”, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +39 050 2217064; fax: +39 050 2217050.
    • ,
  • Gabriella Benini

      Affiliations

    • Oculistic Clinic, Hospital of Livorno, Livorno, Italy
    • ,
  • Franca Tomei

      Affiliations

    • Oculistic Clinic, Hospital of Livorno, Livorno, Italy
    • ,
  • Rosa Maria Figliuzzi

      Affiliations

    • Interdepartmental Research Center “E. Piaggio”, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
    • ,
  • Alberto De Napoli

      Affiliations

    • Oculistic Clinic, Hospital of Livorno, Livorno, Italy

Received 4 February 2009 ,Revised 24 April 2009 ,Accepted 13 May 2009.

References 

  1. Heckenlively J, Arden GB, editors. Principles and practice of clinical electrophysiology of vision. 2nd ed. Nusinowitz S, Holder G, Bach M, Associate editors. Cambridge: The MIT Press; 2006.
  2. Marmor MF, Holder GE, Seeliger MW, Yamamoto S. Standard for clinical electroretinography (2004 update). Doc Ophthalmol 2004;108:107–14. (See also: Miyake Y, Brigell M, Fulton A, Holder GE, Marmor M. Standard for clinical electroretinography (2008 update), available on the ISCEV website: http://www.iscev.org/standards/index.html).
  3. In:  Webster JG editors. Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3rd ed.. New York: J. Wiley & Sons; 1998;
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  10. Kuze M, Uji Y. Comparison between Dawson, Trick, and Litzkow electrode and contact lens electrodes used in clinical electroretinography. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2000;44(4):374–380
  11. Mc Culloch DL, Van Boemel GB, Borchert MS. Comparisons of contact lens, foil, fiber and skin electrodes for patterns electroretinograms. Doc Ophthalmol. 1997;94(4):327–340
  12. Hennessy MP, Vaegan . Amplitude scaling relationships of Burian–Allen; gold foil and Dawson, Trick and Litzkow electrodes. Doc Ophthalmol. 1995;89:235–248
  13. Gjotterberg M. Electrodes for electroretinography A comparison of four different types. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104(4):569–570
  14. Papathanasiou ES, Papacostas SS. Flash electroretinography: normative values with surface skin electrodes and no pupil dilation using a standard stimulation protocol. Doc Ophthalmol. 2008;116:61–73
  15. Carpi F, Tomei F. Non-invasive electroretinography. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006;60(8):375–379
  16. Hartline HK. The electrical response to illumination of the eye in intact animals, including the human subject, and in decerebrate preparations. Am J Physiol. 1925;73:600–612
  17. Tomlinson A, Khanal S, Ramaesh K, Diaper C, McFadyen A. Tear film osmolarity: determination of a referent for dry eye diagnosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(10):4309–4315

PII: S1350-4533(09)00114-3

doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2009.05.003

Medical Engineering & Physics
Volume 31, Issue 8 , Pages 923-929 , October 2009

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