Medical Engineering & Physics
Volume 31, Issue 6 , Pages 650-659 , July 2009

Cycling for children with neuromuscular impairments using electrical stimulation—Development of tricycle-based systems

  • C.G.A. McRae

      Affiliations

    • Shriners Hospitals for Children Philadelphia, 3551 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.
    • ,
  • T.E. Johnston

      Affiliations

    • Shriners Hospitals for Children Philadelphia, 3551 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
    • University of Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    • ,
  • R.T. Lauer

      Affiliations

    • Shriners Hospitals for Children Philadelphia, 3551 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
    • Temple University, Department of Physical Therapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    • ,
  • A.M. Tokay

      Affiliations

    • University of Delaware, Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, Newark, DE, USA
    • ,
  • S.C.K. Lee

      Affiliations

    • Shriners Hospitals for Children Philadelphia, 3551 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
    • University of Delaware, Department of Physical Therapy, Newark, DE, USA
    • ,
  • K.J. Hunt

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Rehabilitation Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
    • Scottish Centre for Innovation in Spinal Cord Injury, UK1

Received 19 August 2008 ,Revised 20 November 2008 ,Accepted 27 December 2008.

References 

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  3. Newham DJ, Donaldson N, de N. FES-cycling. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97(Pt 1):395–402
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  5. Mohr T, Pødenphant J, Biering-Sørensen F, Galbo H, Thamsborg G, Kjaer M. Increased bone mineral density after prolonged electrically induced cycle training of paralyzed limbs in spinal cord injured man. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;61(1):22–25
  6. Kakebeeke TH, Hofer PJ, Frotzler A, Lechner HE, Hunt KJ, Perret C. Training and detraining of a tetraplegic subject: high-volume FES cycle training. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(1):56–64
  7. Frotzler A, Coupaud S, Perret C, Kakebeeke TH, Hunt KJ, Donaldson N, et al. High volume FES-cycling partially reverses bone loss in people with chronic spinal cord injury. Bone. 2008;43(1):169–176
  8. Berry HR, Perret C, Saunders BA, Kakebeeke TH, Donaldson N, Allan DB, et al. Cardiorespiratory and power adaptations to stimulated cycle training in paraplegia. Med SCI Sports Exerc. 2008;(August 5):[Epub ahead of print]
  9. Janssen TW, Beltman JM, Elich P, Koppe PA, Konijnenbelt H, de Haan A, et al. Effects of electric stimulation-assisted cycling training in people with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(3):463–469
  10. Ferrante S, Pedrocchi A, Ferrigno G, Molteni F. Cycling induced by functional electrical stimulation improves the muscular strength and the motor control of individuals with post-acute stroke. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2008;44(2):159–167
  11. Devivo MJ, Vogel LC. Risk factors and causes of death following pediatric spinal cord injury. In: Proc. Int. Mtg on Upper Limb in Tetraplegia. Philadelphia, USA. 2007;
  12. Johnston TE, Barr AE, Lee SC. Biomechanics of submaximal recumbent cycling in adolescents with and without cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2007;87(5):572–585
  13. Johnston TE, Prosser LA, Lee SCK. Differences in pedal forces during recumbent cycling in adolescents with and without cerebral palsy. Clin Biomech. 2008;23(2):248–251
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  16. Bar-Or O, Rowland TW. Pediatric exercise medicine: from physiologic principles to health care application. Human Kinetics; 2004;
  17. Fawkner SG, Armstrong N. Oxygen uptake kinetic response to exercise in children. Sports Med. 2003;33(9):651–669
  18. Hunt KJ, Stone B, Negård N, Schauer T, Fraser MH, Cathcart AJ, et al. Control strategies for integration of electric motor assist and functional electrical stimulation in paraplegic cycling: utility for exercise testing and mobile cycling. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2004;12:89–101
  19. Hunt KJ, Saunders B, Perret C, Berry H, Allan D, Donaldson N, et al. Energetics of paraplegic cycling: a new theoretical framework and efficiency characterization for untrained subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;101(3):277–285
  20. Hunt KJ, Stone B, Allan DB. Feedback control of oxygen uptake during stimulated cycle ergometry in subjects with paraplegia. IET Control Theory Appl. 2008;2:488–495
  21. Lundberg A. Maximal aerobic capacity of young people with spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1978;20(2):205–210
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  23. McRae CGA, Lauer RT, Johnston TE, Lee SCK, Smith BT, Hunt KJ, et al. FES-cycling strategies for the child with a spinal cord injury using muscle force-stimulation relationships—a case study. In: Proc. 12th Ann. Conf. Int. Functional Electrical Stimulation Soc.. Philadelphia, USA. 2007;
  24. Chou L-W, Binder-Macleod SA. The effects of stimulation frequency and fatigue on the force-intensity relationship for human skeletal muscle. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(6):1387–1396
  25. Tokay AM, McRae CG, Johnston TE, Lee SC. The feasibility of using functional electrical stimulation assisted cycling in children with cerebral palsy. In: Proc. 12th Ann. Conf. Int. Functional Electrical Stimulation Soc.. Philadelphia, USA. 2007;

PII: S1350-4533(09)00032-0

doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2008.12.005

Medical Engineering & Physics
Volume 31, Issue 6 , Pages 650-659 , July 2009

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