Medical Engineering & Physics
Volume 30, Issue 10 , Pages 1349-1363 , December 2008

Biotribology of articular cartilage—A review of the recent advances

Received 4 July 2008 ,Revised 17 September 2008 ,Accepted 22 September 2008.

References 

  1. Campbell CJ. The healing of cartilage defects. Clin Orthop. 1969;64:45–63
  2. Fuller JA, Ghadially FN. Ultrastructural observations on surgically produced partial-thickness defects in articular cartilage. Clin Orthop. 1972;86:193–205
  3. Mankin HJ. The response of articular cartilage to mechanical injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64:460–466
  4. Dowson D. Modes of lubrication of human joints. In: Lubrication and wear in living and artificial human joints: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Great Britain. 1967;p. 45–54
  5. Murakami T, Higaki H, Sawae Y, Ohtsuki N, Moriyama S, Nakanishi Y. Adaptive multimode lubrication in natural synovial joints and artificial joints. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 1998;212:23–35
  6. Mow VC, Zhu W, Ratcliffe A. Structure and function of articular cartilage and meniscus. In:  Mow VC,  Hayes WC editor. Basic orthopaedic biomechanics. New York: Raven Press; 1991;p. 143–198
  7. Mow VC, Holmes MH, Lai WM. Fluid transport and mechanical properties of articular cartilage: a review. J Biomech. 1984;17:377–394
  8. Mow VC, Ateshian GA, Spilker RL. Biomechanics of diarthroidal joints—a review of 20 years of progress. J Biomech Eng—Trans ASME. 1993;115:460–467
  9. Dowson D, Wright V, Longfield MD. Human joint lubrication. Biomed Eng. 1969;4:160–165
  10. Walker PS, Dowson D, Longfield MD, Wright V. “Boosted lubrication” in synovial joints by fluid entrapment and enrichment. Ann Rheum Dis. 1968;27:512–520
  11. Wright V, Dowson D. Lubrication and cartilage. J Anat. 1976;121:107–118
  12. Teeple E, Fleming BC, Mechrefe AP, Crisco JJ, Brady MF, Jay GD. Frictional properties of Hartley guinea pig knees with and without proteolytic disruption of the articular surfaces. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007;15:309–315
  13. McCutchen CW. The frictional properties of animal joints. Wear. 1962;5:1–17
  14. Jay GD. Characterization of a bovine synovial fluid lubricating factor. I. Chemical, surface activity and lubricating properties. Connect Tissue Res. 1992;28:71–88
  15. Obara T, Mabuchi K, Iso T, Yamaguchi T. Increased friction of animal joints by experimental degeneration and recovery by addition of hyaluronic acid. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1997;12:246–252
  16. Park S, Costa KD, Ateshian GA. Microscale frictional response of bovine articular cartilage from atomic force microscopy. J Biomech. 2004;37:1679–1687
  17. Coles JM, Blum JJ, Jay GD, Darling EM, Guilak F, Zauscher S. In situ friction measurement on murine cartilage by atomic force microscopy. J Biomech. 2008;41:541–548
  18. Benz M, Chen N, Israelachvili J. Lubrication and wear properties of grafted polyelectrolytes, hyaluronan and hylan, measured in the surface forces apparatus. J Biomed Mater Res. 2004;71A:6–15
  19. Naka MH, Arima Y, Iwata H, Hasuo M, Fuwa Y, Morita Y, Ikeuchi K. A novel technique for evaluation of articular cartilage lubrication based on surface plasmon resonance. In: D. Dowson; M. Priest; G. Dalmaz; A. Lubrecht. (Org.). Life Cycle Tribology, Tribology and Interface Engineering Series. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2005. v. 48, p. 389–397.
  20. McCutchen CW. Sponge-hydrostatic and weeping bearings. Nature. 1959;184:1284–1285
  21. Mow VC, Kuei SC, Lai WM, Armstrong CG. Biphasic creep and stress relaxation of articular cartilage in compression: theory and experiments. J Biomech Eng. 1980;102:73–84
  22. Mow VC, Lai WM. Recent developments in synovial joint biomechanics. SIAM Rev. 1980;22:275–317
  23. Lai WM, Hou JS, Mow VC. A triphasic theory for the swelling and deformation behaviors of articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng. 1991;113:245–258
  24. Ateshian GA, Soltz MA, Mauck RL, Basalo IM, Hung CT, Lai WM. The role of osmotic pressure and tension-compression nonlinearity in the frictional response of articular cartilage. Transport Porous Media. 2003;50:5–33
  25. Gu WY, Lai WM, Mow VC. A mixture theory for charged-hydrated soft tissues containing multi-electrolytes: passive transport and swelling behaviors. J Biomech Eng. 1998;120:169–180
  26. Huyghe JM, Janssen CF, Van Donkelaar CC, Lanir Y. Measuring principles of frictional coefficients in cartilaginous tissues and its substitutes. Biorheology. 2002;39:47–53
  27. Huyghe JM, Janssen JD. Quadriphasic mechanics of swelling incompressible porous media. Int J Eng Sci. 1997;35:793–802
  28. Dowson D. Biotribology of natural and replacement synovial joints. In:  Mow VC,  Ratcliffe A,  Woo SLY editor. Biomechanics of diarthroidal joints. New York: Springer–Verlag; 1990;p. 305–345
  29. Mow VC, Ateshian GA. Friction, lubrication and wear of diarthrodial joints. In:  Mow VC,  Hayes WC editor. Basic orthopaedic biomechanics. New York: Raven Press; 1997;
  30. Soltz MA, Ateshian GA. A Conewise linear elasticity mixture model for the analysis of tension-compression nonlinearity in articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng. 2000;122:576–586
  31. Graindorge S, Ferrandez W, Jin ZM, Ingham E, Grant C, Twigg P, et al. Biphasic surface amorphous layer lubrication of articular cartilage. Med Eng Phys. 2005;27:836–844
  32. Forster H, Fisher J. The influence of continuous sliding and subsequent surface wear on the friction of articular cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 1999;213:329–345
  33. Forster H, Fisher J. The influence of loading time and lubricant on the friction of articular cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 1996;210:109–119
  34. Krishnan R, Kopacz M, Ateshian GA. Experimental verification of the role of interstitial fluid pressurization in cartilage lubrication. J Orthop Res. 2004;22:565–570
  35. Caligaris M, Ateshian GA. Effects of sustained interstitial fluid pressurization under migrating contact area, and boundary lubrication by synovial fluid, on cartilage friction. Osteoarthritis Cartilage April 2008 [Epub ahead of print PMID: 183954752008].
  36. Bell CJ, Ingham E, Fisher J. Influence of hyaluronic acid on the time-dependent friction response of articular cartilage under different conditions. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 2006;220:23–31
  37. Malcom LL. An experimental investigation of the frictional and deformational responses of articular cartilage interfaces to static and dynamic loading. San Diego: University of California; 1976;
  38. Pickard J, Ingham E, Egan J, Fisher J. Investigation into the effect of proteoglycan molecules on the tribological properties of cartilage joint tissues. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 1998;212:177–182
  39. Katta J, Pawaskar S, Jin Z, Ingham E, Fisher J. Effect of load variation on the friction properties of articular cartilage. Proc I MECH E Part J. J Eng Tribol. 2007;221:175–181
  40. Katta J, Jin Z, Ingham E, Fisher J. Friction and wear of native and GAG deficient articular cartilage. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: World Biomaterials Congress; 2008;p. 1191
  41. Krishnan R, Mariner EN, Ateshian GA. Effect of dynamic loading on the frictional response of bovine articular cartilage. J Biomech. 2005;38:1665–1673
  42. Graindorge S, Ferrandez W, Ingham E, Jin Z, Twigg P, Fisher J. The role of the surface amorphous layer of articular cartilage in joint lubrication. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 2006;220:597–607
  43. Northwood E, Fisher J, Kowalski R. Investigation of the friction and surface degradation of innovative chondroplasty materials against articular cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H—J Eng Med. 2007;221:263–279
  44. Bell CJ, Carrick LM, Katta J, Jin Z, Ingham E, Aggeli A, et al. Self-assembling peptides as injectable lubricants for osteoarthritis. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;78:236–246
  45. Katta J, Stapleton T, Ingham E, Jin Z, Fisher J. The effect of glycosaminoglycan depletion on the friction and deformation of articular cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H—J Eng Med. 2008;222:1–11
  46. Basalo IM, Chen FH, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. Frictional response of bovine articular cartilage under creep loading following proteoglycan digestion with chondroitinase ABC. J Biomech Eng. 2006;128:131–134
  47. Basalo IM, Raj D, Krishnan R, Chen FH, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. Effects of enzymatic degradation on the frictional response of articular cartilage in stress relaxation. J Biomech. 2005;38:1343–1349
  48. Kumar P, Oka M, Toguchida J, Kobayashi M, Uchida E, Nakamura T, et al. Role of uppermost superficial surface layer of articular cartilage in the lubrication mechanism of joints. J Anat. 2001;199:241–250
  49. Naka MH, Morita Y, Ikeuchi K. Influence of proteoglycan contents and of tissue hydration on the frictional characteristics of articular cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 2005;219:175–182
  50. Sasada T, Abe T, Morita M, Mabuchi K. Role of chondroitin sulfate in the low friction property of articular cartilages. In: 5th International Tribology Conference Kobe. Japan. 2005;p. 64–67
  51. Thompson RC, Oegema TR. Metabolic activity of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis. An in vitro study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61:407–416
  52. Basalo IM, Chahine NO, Kaplun M, Chen FH, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. Chondroitin sulfate reduces the friction coefficient of articular cartilage. J Biomech. 2007;40:1847–1854
  53. Katta J, Jin Z, Ingham E, Fisher J. Chondroitin sulphate—an effective joint lubricant?. In: 16th Congress of the European Society of Biomechanics. Lucerne, Switzerland. 2008;p. 325
  54. Naka MH, Hattori K, Ohashi T, Ikeuchi K. Evaluation of the effect of collagen network degradation on the frictional characteristics of articular cartilage using a simultaneous analysis of the contact condition. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2005;20:1111–1118
  55. Orford CR, Gardner DL. Ultrastructural histochemistry of the surface lamina of normal articular cartilage. Histochem J. 1985;17:223–233
  56. Orford CR, Gardner DL. Proteoglycan association with collagen d band in hyaline articular cartilage. Connect Tissue Res. 1984;12:345–348
  57. Ferrandez W, Graindorge SL, Fisher J, Jin ZM, Twigg P, Grant CA, et al. Biphasic surface layer lubrication of cartilage, surface characterization. In: 50th Annual meeting of ORS, vol. 29. San Francisco. 2004;p. 0526
  58. Kobayashi S, Yonekubo S, Kurogouchi Y. Cryoscanning electron microscopy of loaded articular cartilage with special reference to the surface amorphous layer. J Anat. 1996;188(Pt 2):311–322
  59. Jurvelin JS, Muller DJ, Wong M, Studer D, Engel A, Hunziker EB. Surface and subsurface morphology of bovine humeral articular cartilage as assessed by atomic force and transmission electron microscopy. J Struct Biol. 1996;117:45–54
  60. Crockett R, Grubelnik A, Roos S, Dora C, Born W, Troxler H. Biochemical composition of the superficial layer of articular cartilage. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2007;82:958–964
  61. Graindorge S, Ferrandez W, Jin ZM, Ingham E, Fisher J. The natural synovial joint: a finite element investigation of biphasic surface amorphous layer lubrication under dynamic loading conditions. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J—J Eng Tribol. 2006;220:671–681
  62. Benya PD, Qiao B, Padilla SR. Synthesis of superficial zone protein/lubricin is synergistically stimulated by TGF-β and adenoviral expression of TAK1A in rabbit articular chondrocytes. 49th Annual Meeting of the ORS:0135 2003.
  63. Jay GD, Haberstroh K, Cha CJ. Comparison of the boundary-lubricating ability of bovine synovial fluid, lubricin, and Healon. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998;40:414–418
  64. Swann DA, Slayter HS, Silver FH. The molecular structure of lubricating glycoprotein-I, the boundary lubricant for articular cartilage. J Biol Chem. 1981;256:5921–5925
  65. Swann DA, Silver FH, Slayter HS, Stafford W, Shore E. The molecular structure and lubricating activity of lubricin isolated from bovine and human synovial fluids. Biochem J. 1985;225:195–201
  66. Simon WH. Wear properties of articular cartilage in vitro. J Biomech. 1971;4:379–389
  67. Lipshitz H, Etheredge R, Glimcher MJ. In vitro wear of articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1975;57:527–534
  68. Schmidt TA, Gastelum NS, Nguyen QT, Schumacher BL, Sah RL. Boundary lubrication of articular cartilage: role of synovial fluid constituents. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:882–891
  69. Schmidt TA, Sah RL. Effect of synovial fluid on boundary lubrication of articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007;15:35–47
  70. Radin EL, Swann DA, Weisser PA. Separation of a hyaluronate-free lubricating fraction from synovial fluid. Nature. 1970;228:377–378
  71. Bell CJ, Fisher J, Ingham E, Forsey R, Thompson JI, Stone MH. Tribology of therapeutic lubricants. In: 48th annual meeting of the ORS society, vol. 0676. Dallas. 2002;
  72. Forsey RW, Fisher J, Thompson J, Stone MH, Bell C, Ingham E. The effect of hyaluronic acid and phospholipid based lubricants on friction within a human cartilage damage model. Biomaterials. 2006;27:4581–4590
  73. Swann DA, Hendren RB, Radin EL, Sotman SL, Duda EA. The lubricating activity of synovial fluid glycoproteins. Arthritis Rheum. 1981;24:22–30
  74. Jay GD, Hong BS. Characterization of a bovine synovial fluid lubricating factor. II. Comparison with purified ocular and salivary mucin. Connect Tissue Res. 1992;28:89–98
  75. Schumacher BL, Hughes CE, Kuettner KE, Caterson B, Aydelotte MB. Immunodetection and partial cDNA sequence of the proteoglycan, superficial zone protein, synthesized by cells lining synovial joints. J Orthop Res. 1999;17:110–120
  76. Schumacher BL, Block JA, Schmid TM, Aydelotte MB, Kuettner KE. A novel proteoglycan synthesized and secreted by chondrocytes of the superficial zone of articular cartilage. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1994;311:144–152
  77. Rhee DK, Marcelino J, Baker M, Gong Y, Smits P, Lefebvre V, et al. The secreted glycoprotein lubricin protects cartilage surfaces and inhibits synovial cell overgrowth. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:622–631
  78. Jay GD, Torres JR, Rhee DK, Helminen HJ, Hytinnen MM, Cha CJ, et al. Association between friction and wear in diarthrodial joints lacking lubricin. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:3662–3669
  79. Zappone B, Greene GW, Oroudjev E, Jay GD, Israelachvili JN. Molecular aspects of boundary lubrication by human lubricin: effect of disulfide bonds and enzymatic digestion. Langmuir. 2008;24:1495–1508
  80. Pickard JE, Fisher J, Ingham E, Egan J. Investigation into the effects of proteins and lipids on the frictional properties of articular cartilage. Biomaterials. 1998;19:1807–1812
  81. Sarma AV, Powell GL, LaBerge M. Phospholipid composition of articular cartilage boundary lubricant. J Orthop Res. 2001;19:671–676
  82. Chen Y, Crawford RW, Oloyede A. Unsaturated phosphatidylcholines lining on the surface of cartilage and its possible physiological roles. J Orthop Surg. 2007;2:14
  83. Hills BA. Boundary lubrication in vivo. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 2000;214:83–94
  84. Hills BA, Crawford RW. Normal and prosthetic synovial joints are lubricated by surface-active phospholipid: a hypothesis. J Arthroplasty. 2003;18:499–505
  85. Ozturk HE, Stoffel KK, Jones CF, Stachowiak GW. The effect of surface-active phospholipids on the lubrication of osteoarthritic sheep knee joints: friction. Tribol Lett. 2004;16:283–289
  86. Kawano T, Miura H, Mawatari T, Moro-Oka T, Nakanishi Y, Higaki H, et al. Mechanical effects of the intraarticular administration of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid plus phospholipid on synovial joint lubrication and prevention of articular cartilage degeneration in experimental osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:1923–1929
  87. Jay GD, Cha CJ. The effect of phospholipase digestion upon the boundary lubricating ability of synovial fluid. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:2454–2457
  88. Burrage PS, Brinckerhoff CE. Molecular targets in osteoarthritis: metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. Curr Drug Targets. 2007;8:293–303
  89. Rowan AD, Young DA. Collagenase gene regulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines in cartilage. Front Biosci. 2007;12:536–550
  90. Cawston TE, Wilson AJ. Understanding the role of tissue degrading enzymes and their inhibitors in development and disease. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006;20:983–1002
  91. Stachowiak GW, Podsiadlo P. Analysis of wear particle boundaries found in sheep knee joints during in vitro wear tests without muscle compensation. J Biomech. 1997;30:415–419
  92. Kuster MS, Podsiadlo P, Stachowiak GW. Shape of wear particles found in human knee joints and their relationship to osteoarthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37:978–984
  93. Graindorge SL, Stachowiak GW. Changes occurring in the surface morphology of articular cartilage during wear. Wear. 2000;241:143–150
  94. Lipshitz H, Etheredge R, Glimcher MJ. Changes in the hexosamine content and swelling ratio of articular cartilage as functions of depth from the surface. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58:1149–1153
  95. Lipshitz H, Etheredge R, Glimcher MJ. In vitro studies of the wear of articular cartilage—III. The wear characteristics of chemical modified articular cartilage when worn against a highly polished characterized stainless steel surface. J Biomech. 1980;13:423–436
  96. Krishnan R, Caligaris M, Mauck RL, Hung CT, Costa KD, Ateshian GA. Removal of the superficial zone of bovine articular cartilage does not increase its frictional coefficient. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2004;12:947
  97. Northwood E, Fisher J. A multi-directional in vitro investigation into friction, damage and wear of innovative chondroplasty materials against articular cartilage. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2007;
  98. Cockman MD, Blanton CA, Chmielewski PA, Dong L, Dufresne TE, Hookfin EB, et al. Quantitative imaging of proteoglycan in cartilage using a gadolinium probe and microCT. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006;14:210–214
  99. Silvast TS, Jurvelin JS, Kallioniemi AS, Toyras J. Contrast agent enhanced X-ray tomography of cartilage with clinical PQCT instrument. In: 53rd Annual Meeting of Orthopaedic Research Society. San Diego, USA. 2007;p. 377
  100. Kaleva E, Saarakkala S, Toyras J, Nieminen HJ, Jurvelin JS. In-vitro comparison of time-domain, frequency-domain and wavelet ultrasound parameters in diagnostics of cartilage degeneration. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007;
  101. Schwalbe HJ, Bamfaste G, Franke RP. Non-destructive and non-invasive observation of friction and wear of human joints and of fracture initiation by acoustic emission. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 1999;213:41–48
  102. Camacho NP, West P, Torzilli PA, Mendelsohn R. FTIR microscopic imaging of collagen and proteoglycan in bovine cartilage. Biopolymers. 2001;62:1–8
  103. Potter K, Kidder LH, Levin IW, Lewis EN, Spencer RG. Imaging of collagen and proteoglycan in cartilage sections using Fourier transform infrared spectral imaging. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:846–855
  104. Xia Y, Ramakrishnan N, Bidthanapally A. The depth-dependent anisotropic characteristics of articular cartilage by Fourier-transform infrared imaging (FTIRI). In: 53rd Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. San Diego, USA. 2007;p. 564
  105. Xia Y, Moody JB, Alhadlaq H, Hu J. Imaging the physical and morphological properties of a multi-zone young articular cartilage at microscopic resolution. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;17:365–374
  106. Nieminen MT, Rieppo J, Toyras J, Hakumaki JM, Silvennoinen J, Hyttinen MM, et al. T2 relaxation reveals spatial collagen architecture in articular cartilage: a comparative quantitative MRI and polarized light microscopic study. Magn Reson Med. 2001;46:487–493
  107. Nieminen MT, Rieppo J, Silvennoinen J, Toyras J, Hakumaki JM, Hyttinen MM, et al. Spatial assessment of articular cartilage proteoglycans with Gd-DTPA-enhanced T1 imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2002;48:640–648
  108. Gillis A, Gray M, Burstein D. Relaxivity and diffusion of gadolinium agents in cartilage. Magn Reson Med. 2002;48:1068–1071
  109. Grunder W. MRI assessment of cartilage ultrastructure. NMR Biomed. 2006;19:855–876
  110. Hills BA, Thomas K. Joint stiffness and ‘articular gelling’: inhibition of the fusion of articular surfaces by surfactant. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37:532–538
  111. Jones AR, Gleghorn JP, Hughes CE, Fitz LJ, Zollner R, Wainwright SD, et al. Binding and localization of recombinant lubricin to articular cartilage surfaces. J Orthop Res. 2007;25:283–292
  112. Zhang DW, Yang QS, Zhu JY, Cao XR, Li LW, Zhu QS. Amelioration of osteoarthritis by intra-articular hyaluronan synthase 2 gene therapy. Med Hypotheses. 2007;69:1111–1113
  113. Gong JP, Osada Y. Surface friction of polymer gels. Prog Polym Sci. 2002;27:3–38
  114. Nakashima K, Sawae Y, Murakami T. Effect of conformational changes and differences of proteins on frictional properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel. Tribol Int. 2007;40:1423–1427
  115. Pan YS, Xiong DS, Ma RY. A study on the friction properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel as articular cartilage against titanium alloy. Wear. 2007;262:1021–1025
  116. Covert RJ, Ott RD, Ku DN. Friction characteristics of a potential articular cartilage biomaterial. Wear. 2003;255:1064–1068
  117. Katta JK, Marcolongo M, Lowman A, Mansmann KA. Friction and wear behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) hydrogels for articular cartilage replacement. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2007;83:471–479
  118. Kurokawa T, Tominaga T, Katsuyama Y, Kuwabara R, Furukawa H, Osada Y, et al. Elastic-hydrodynamic transition of gel friction. Langmuir. 2005;21:8643–8648
  119. Zheng Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Liu Q, Lu Y. Studies of poly(vinyl alcohol)/hydroxylapatite hydrogels compounds for cartilage implantation. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi. 2003;20:401–403465
  120. Freeman ME, Furey MJ, Love BJ, Hampton JM. Friction, wear, and lubrication of hydrogels as synthetic articular cartilage. Wear. 2000;241:129–135
  121. Hayashi R, Oka M, Ikeuchi KEN, Hayami T, Yura S, Hyon SH, et al. Friction of artificial cartilage sliding against articular cartilage. In: Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Japanese Society for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, vol. 20. 1999;p. 307–313
  122. Custers RJ, Dhert WJ, van Rijen MH, Verbout AJ, Creemers LB, Saris DB. Articular damage caused by metal plugs in a rabbit model for treatment of localized cartilage defects. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007;15:937–945
  123. Hunziker EB. Articular cartilage repair: basic science and clinical progress. A review of the current status and prospects. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2002;10:432–463
  124. Seal BL, Otero TC, Panitch A. Polymeric biomaterials for tissue and organ regeneration. Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2001;34:147–230
  125. Morita Y, Tomita N, Aoki H, Sonobe M, Wakitani S, Tamada Y, et al. Frictional properties of regenerated cartilage in vitro. J Biomech. 2006;39:103–109
  126. Lima EG, Bang LM, Serebrov A, Mauck RT, Byers BA, Tuan R, et al. Measuring the frictional properties of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs. In: 52nd Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. Chicago, USA. 2006;p. 1501
  127. Gleghorn JP, Jones AR, Flannery CR, Bonassar LJ. Boundary mode frictional properties of engineered cartilaginous tissues. Eur Cell Mater. 2007;14:20–28[discussion 28–29]
  128. Plainfosse M, Hatton PV, Crawford A, Jin ZM, Fisher J. Influence of the extracellular matrix on the frictional properties of tissue-engineered cartilage. Biochem Soc Trans. 2007;35:677–679
  129. Muller LP, Degreif J, Rudig L, Mehler D, Hely H, Rommens PM. Friction of ceramic and metal hip hemi-endoprostheses against cadaveric acetabula. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2004;124:681–687
  130. Oka M, Ushio K, Kumar P, Ikeuchi K, Hyon SH, Nakamura T, et al. Development of artificial articular cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 2000;214:59–68
  131. Chang YS, Oka M, Gu HO, Kobayashi M, Toguchida J, Nakamura T, et al. Histologic comparison of tibial articular surfaces against rigid materials and artificial articular cartilage. J Biomed Mater Res. 1997;37:51–59
  132. McCann L, Udofia I, Ingham E, Jin Z, Fisher J. The importance of contact stress in knee hemiarthroplasty design: a tribological simulation. In: 16th Congress of the European Society of Biomechanics. Lucerne, Switzerland. 2008;

PII: S1350-4533(08)00167-7

doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2008.09.004

Medical Engineering & Physics
Volume 30, Issue 10 , Pages 1349-1363 , December 2008