Accuracy of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography for measurement of bone quality

MacNeil, Joshua A.; Boyd, Steven K.

doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2006.11.002

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Volume 29, Issue 10 , Pages 1096-1105, December 2007

Accuracy of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography for measurement of bone quality

Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada

Received 29 August 2006; received in revised form 9 November 2006; accepted 10 November 2006. published online 18 January 2007.

Abstract

The introduction of three-dimensional high-resolution peripheral in vivo quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) (XtremeCT, Scanco Medical, Switzerland; voxel size 82μm) provides a new approach to monitor micro-architectural bone changes longitudinally. The accuracy of HR-pQCT for three important determinants of bone quality, including bone mineral density (BMD), architectural measurements and bone mechanics, was determined through a comparison with micro-computed tomography (μCT) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Forty measurements from 10 cadaver radii with low bone mass were scanned using the three modalities, and image registration was used for 3D data to ensure identical regions were analyzed.

The areal BMD of DXA correlated well with volumetric BMD by HR-pQCT despite differences in dimensionality (R²=0.69), and the correlation improved when non-dimensional bone mineral content was assessed (R²=0.80). Morphological parameters measured by HR-pQCT in a standard patient analysis, including bone volume ratio, trabecular number, derived trabecular thickness, derived trabecular separation, and cortical thickness correlated well with μCT measures (R²=0.59–0.96). Additionally, some non-metric parameters such as connectivity density (R²=0.90) performed well. The mechanical stiffness assessed by finite element analysis of HR-pQCT images was generally higher than for μCT data due to resolution differences, and correlated well at the continuum level (R²=0.73).

The validation here of HR-pQCT against gold-standards μCT and DXA provides insight into the accuracy of the system, and suggests that in addition to the standard patient protocol, additional indices of bone quality including connectivity density and mechanical stiffness may be appropriate to include as part of a standard patient analysis for clinical monitoring of bone quality.

Keywords: Osteoporosis, Densitometry, Micro-computed tomography, Peripheral quantitative computed tomography, Bone