Medical Engineering & Physics
Volume 28, Issue 6 , Pages 515-524 , July 2006

Anterior longitudinal ligament injuries in whiplash may lead to cervical instability

  • Brian D. Stemper

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
    • Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. Tel.: +1 414 384 2000x41525; fax: +1 414 384 3493.
    • ,
  • Narayan Yoganandan

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
    • Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
    • ,
  • Frank A. Pintar

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
    • Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
    • ,
  • Raj D. Rao

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA

Received 17 March 2005 ,Revised 23 August 2005 ,Accepted 28 September 2005.

References 

  1. Jakobsson L, Norin H, Jernstrom C, Svensson S-E, Juhanse P, Isaksson-Hellman I, et al. Analysis of different head and neck responses in rear-end car collisions using a new human-like mathematical model. Lyon, France: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI); 1994;p. 109–125
  2. van den Kroonenberg AJ, Thunnissen J, Wismans J. A human model for low-severity rear-impacts. Hannover, Germany: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI); 1997;p. 117–132
  3. Yang KH, Zhu F, Luan F, Zhao L, Begeman PC. Development of a finite element model of the human neck. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. Tempe, AZ. 1998;p. 195–205
  4. Yamazaki K, Ono K, Kaneoka K. A simulation analysis of human cervical spine motion during low speed rear-end impacts. In: SAE World Congress, Paper # 2000-01-0154. Detroit, MI. 2000;
  5. Tencer AF, Mirza S, Bensel K. Internal loads in the cervical spine during motor vehicle rear-end impacts. Spine. 2002;27:34–42
  6. Yoshida H, Tsutsumi S. Finite element analysis using muscles elements and experimental analysis with a new flexible neck model of whiplash injuries in rear-end collisions. In: SAE World Congress and Exposition, Paper # 2002-01-0021. Detroit, MI. 2002;
  7. Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Validation of a head–neck computer model for whiplash simulation. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2004;42:333–338
  8. Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Effects of abnormal posture on capsular ligament elongations in a computational model subjected to whiplash loading. J Biomech. 2005;38:1313–1323
  9. Tropiano P, Thollon L, Arnoux PJ, Huang RC, Kayvantash K, Poitout DG, et al. Using a finite element model to evaluate human injuries application to the HUMOS model in whiplash simulation. Spine. 2004;29:1709–1716
  10. Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Gender- and region-dependent local facet joint kinematics in rear impact: implications in whiplash injury. Spine. 2004;29:1764–1771
  11. Svensson M, Bostrom O, Davidsson J, Hansson H-A, Haland Y, Lovsund P, et al. Neck injuries in car collisions: a review covering a possible injury mechanism and the development of a new rear-impact dummy. Accid Anal Prev. 2000;32:167–175
  12. Davis SJ, Teresi LM, Bradley WG, Ziemba MA, Bloze AE. Cervical spine hyperextension injuries: MR findings. Radiology. 1991;180:245–251
  13. Harris W, Hamblen D, Ojemann R. Traumatic disruption of cervical intervertebral disc from hyperextension injury. Clin Orthop. 1968;60:163–167
  14. Wickstrom J, Martinez J, Rodriguez R. The cervical sprain syndrome: experimental acceleration injuries to the head and neck. In:  Selzer M,  Gikas P,  Huelke D editor. The Prevention of Highway Injury. Ann Arbor, MI: Highway Safety Research Institute; 1967;p. 182–187
  15. Harris JH, Yeakley JW. Hyperextension–dislocation of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg. 1992;74-B:567–570
  16. Yoganandan N, Cusick JF, Pintar FA, Rao RD. Whiplash injury determination with conventional spine imaging and cryomicrotomy. Spine. 2001;26:2443–2448
  17. Happee R, Hoofman M, van den Kroonenberg AJ, Morsink P. A mathematical human body model for frontal and rearward seated automotive impact loading. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. Tempe, AZ. 1998;p. 75–88
  18. Yoganandan N, Kumaresan S, Pintar FA. Geometric and mechanical properties of human cervical spine ligaments. J Biomech Eng. 2000;122:623–629
  19. Pintar FA, Myklebust J, Sances A, Yoganandan N. Biomechanical properties of the human intervertebral disk in tension. New York, NY: ASME Adv Bioeng; 1986;p. 38–39
  20. Pintar FA. The biomechanics of spinal elements. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University; 1986;
  21. Moroney S, Schultz A, Miller J, Andersson G. Load-displacement properties of lower cervical spine motion segments. J Biomech. 1988;21:769–779
  22. Eberlein R, Frohlich M, Hasler EM. Finite-element analysis of intervertebral discs. In: European Conference on Computation Mechanics. 1999;
  23. Deng YC, Goldsmith W. Response of a human head/neck/upper-torso replica to dynamic loading. II. Analytical/numerical model.. J Biomech. 1987;20:487–497
  24. Siegmund GP, Sanderson DJ, Myers BS, Inglis JT. Rapid neck muscle adaptation alters the head kinematics of aware and unaware subjects undergoing multiple whiplash-like perturbations. J Biomech. 2003;36:473–482
  25. Corcos DM, Gottlieb GL, Latash ML, Almeida GL, Agarwal GC. Electromechanical delay: an experimental artifact. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1992;2:59–68
  26. Tennyson S, Mital NK, King AI. Electromyographic signals of the spinal musculature during +Gz impact acceleration.. Orthop Clin North Am. 1977;8:97–119
  27. Ono K, Kaneoka K, Wittek A, Kajzer J. Cervical injury mechanism based on the analysis of human cervical vertebral motion and head–neck-torso kinematics during low speed rear impacts.. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. Lake Buena Vista, FL. 1997;p. 339–356
  28. Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Gender dependent cervical spine segmental kinematics during whiplash. J Biomech. 2003;36:1281–1289
  29. Myklebust JB, Pintar FA, Yoganandan N, Cusick JF, Miaiman DJ, Myers TJ, et al. Tensile strength of spinal ligaments. Spine. 1988;13:526–531
  30. Shea M, Wittenberg RH, Edwards WT, White AAI , Hayes WC. In vitro hyperextension injuries in the human cadaveric cervical spine. J Orthop Res. 1992;10:911–916
  31. McLain RF. Mechanoreceptor endings in human cervical facet joints. Spine. 1994;19:495–501
  32. Korkala O, Gronblad M, Liesi P, Karaharju E. Immunohistochemical demonstration of nociceptors in the ligamentous structure of the lumbar spine. Spine. 1985;10:156–157
  33. Konttinen YT, Gronblad M, Antti-Poika I, Seitsalo S, Santavirta S, Hukkanen M, et al. Neuroimmunohistochemical analysis of peridiscal nociceptive neural elements. Spine. 1990;15:383–396
  34. Ivancic PC, Pearson AM, Panjabi MM, Ito S. Injury of the anterior longitudinal ligament during whiplash simulation. Eur Spine J. 2004;13:61–68
  35. Ono K, Kaneoka K. Motion analysis of human cervical vertebrae during low speed rear impacts by the simulated sled. Hannover, Germany: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI); 1997;p. 223–237
  36. Davidsson J, Deutscher C, Hell W, Linder A, Lovsund P, Svensson MY. Human volunteer kinematics in rear-end sled collisions. Goteborg, Sweden: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI); 1998;p. 289–301
  37. Oxland TR, Panjabi MM, Southern EP, Duranceau JS. An anatomic basis for spinal instability: a porcine trauma model. J Orthop Res. 1991;9:452–462
  38. Allen BL, Ferguson RL, Lehmann TR, O’Brien RP. A mechanistic classification of closed, indirect fractures and dislocations of the lower cervical spine. Spine. 1982;7:1–27
  39. Vaccaro AR, Klein GR, Thaller JB, Rushton SA, Cotler JM, Albert TJ. Distraction extension injuries of the cervical spine. J Spinal Disord. 2001;14:193–200
  40. Penning L. Acceleration injury of the cervical spine by hypertranslation of the head. Part I. Effect of normal translation of the head on cervical spine motion: a radiological study. Eur Spine J. 1992;1:7–12
  41. Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Rao RD . Reflex muscle contraction in the unaware occupant in whiplash injury. Spine. 2005;30

PII: S1350-4533(05)00211-0

doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2005.09.011

Medical Engineering & Physics
Volume 28, Issue 6 , Pages 515-524 , July 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution